A first large-scale screening using transposon mutant library of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 strain was performed which identified 8 new genes with roles in full virulence of S. No animals suffer or die for the silk to be produced, making it a favorable alternative to normal silk for those who object to harming animals. [52] [46] Taxonomy [ edit] It is estimated that 98,000 arachnid species have been described, and that there may be up to 600,000 in total. Wild silks also tend to be more difficult to dye than silk from the cultivated silkworm. Arachnids produce digestive enzymes in their stomachs, and use their pedipalps and chelicerae to pour them over their dead prey. The eggs of the domesticated silkworm are very small and are initially lemon-yellow but later turn black (Grzimek et al. However, for stubborn wrinkles, you have to iron the silk sheets. Silkworm moths do not eat or drink in the final stage of their life cycle, they mate; the female lays her eggs and the adult moths die. The authors favoured relationships shown by more slowly evolving genes, which demonstrated the monophyly of Chelicerata, Euchelicerata and Arachnida, as well as of some clades within the arachnids. [42]) A 2019 analysis nests Xiphosura deeply within Arachnida. [43], Discovering relationships within the arachnids has proven difficult as of March2016[update], with successive studies producing different results. Silkworm definition: A silkworm is the young form of a Chinese moth and it produces silk. Further adaptations to terrestrial life are appendages modified for more efficient locomotion on land, internal fertilisation, special sensory organs, and water conservation enhanced by efficient excretory structures as well as a waxy layer covering the cuticle. [7], Arachnids are further distinguished from insects by the fact they do not have antennae or wings. For the arachnida curve, see, Last edited on 12 February 2023, at 16:52, Invertebrate Zoology: A Tree of Life Approach, Morphological support for a clade comprising two vermiform mite lineages: Eriophyoidea (Acariformes) and Nematalycidae (Acariformes), The Colonisation of Land: Origins and Adaptations of Terrestrial Animals, Homeosis in a scorpion supports a telopodal origin of pectines and components of the book lungs, Fossil evidence for the origin of spider spinnerets - Nature, "Mechanics of Cuticular Elastic Energy Storage in Leg Joints Lacking Extensor Muscles in Arachnids", "Muscle Firing Patterns in Two Arachnids Using Different Methods of Propulsive Leg Extension", "Elastic energy storage in the pedipedal joints of scorpions and sun-spiders (Arachnida, Scorpiones, Solifugae)", "Early Terrestrial Animals, Evolution, and Uncertainty", Feeding habits and multifunctional classification of soil-associated consumers from protists to vertebrates, Diet, predators, and defensive behaviors of New Zealand harvestmen (Opiliones: Neopilionidae), How do harvestmen hunt? The domestic silk moth derives from Chinese rather than Japanese or Korean stock. Silk is delicate and requires special cleaning instructions. 2011; Babu 2018). [citation needed] One example of this was the molecular identification of the first known pheromone, bombykol, which required extracts from 500,000 individuals, due to the very small quantities of pheromone produced by any individual silkworm. It ranges from northern India to northern China, Korea, and Japan. [10] At the base of the flagellum in the two latter groups there are gland who produce acetic acid as a chemical defense. The silkworm is one of the few organisms wherein the principles of genetics and breeding were applied to harvest maximum output[citation needed]. Because only by using dyeing and finishing technology, we can perfectly reproduce our favorite colors and patterns on the white blank, so that the fabric is more artistic. The life cycle of the silk moth starts when a female silk moth or female silkworm lays an egg. Many arachnids have only one or the other type of excretory gland, although several do have both. The larvae then prepare to enter the pupal phase of their lifecycle, and enclose themselves in a cocoon made up of raw silk produced by the salivary glands. The term is derived from the Greek word (archn, 'spider'), from the myth of the hubristic human weaver Arachne, who was turned into a spider. Wild silk moths (other species of Bombyx) are not as commercially viable in the production of silk. 2022 PandaSilk.com All Rights Reserved. [36][37][38][39][40] The three groups are related as shown in the cladogram below. Phylogenetic aspects on the origin of Japanese race of the silkworm. [citation needed]. About 2,000 to 3,000 cocoons are required to make a pound of silk, or roughly 1,000 miles of filament (Palmer 1949). . Are silkworms harmful too? Silkworms are the larvae of the silk moth, one of thousands of insect species that wrap themselves in cocoons as they prepare for metamorphosis. arachnid, (class Arachnida), any member of the arthropod group that includes spider s, daddy longlegs, scorpion s, and (in the subclass Acari) the mite s and tick s, as well as lesser-known subgroups. However, due to the domesticated moth's requirement for human care to survive, gene flow is all but nonexistent and thus, despite its apparently recent origin, the domestic animal is generally treated as a distinct monotypic species today. The silkworms feed on mulberry leaves and it gives rise to pupa. Females are about two to three times bulkier than males (for they are carrying many eggs), but are similarly colored. [15] Antibiotics such as lysocin E,[16] a non-ribosomal peptide synthesized by Lysobacter sp. ISBN links support NWE through referral fees. The endosternite is even calcified in some Opiliones. The native color pigments have also been lost, so the domestic silk moths are leucistic, since camouflage is not useful when they only live in captivity. The body temperature of, The carbohydrates absorbed by the silkworm are mainly consumed in the body as energy, and the surplus can be used to synthesize storage carbohydrates (such as glycogen), lipids and chitin, etc. In general, if you choose our silk bedding, made of fine mulberry silk, you can care for them without the hassle. Mulberry silk has become the main fabric for making cheongsam because of its softness and smoothness, and breathability. Spiders and silkworms spin silks that outcompete the toughness of all natural and manmade fibers. A spider's body has two main sections. Insect innate immunity pathways play a critical role in the outcome of infection. 2004), and many projects have worked on genetic engineering of silkworms to produce desirable proteins in the place of silk. . One useful mutant for the silk industry confers the ability to feed on food besides mulberry leaves, including an artificial diet (Goldsmith et al. Wild silks, or tussah silks (also spelled "tasar"), are those produced by caterpillars other than the mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori). Adults emerge from the cocoon after about three weeks, reproduce, and then die within five days (Grzimek et al. The fruit is called, The use and market positioning of silk fabrics is an important basis for the design of silk products. Satin Nightgowns Silk Nightgowns Production It is made by man from nylon and polyester being woven together. The adult moth that emerges is heavy bodied, furry, rounded, whitish with pale brown lines (Grzimek et al. The lateral ocelli evolved from compound eyes and may have a tapetum, which enhances the ability to collect light. While every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up-to-date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in . The genome has been sequenced (Mita et al. Silk-fiber is a protein produced from the silk-glands of silkworms. The fibers are very fine and lustrous, about ten micrometers (1/2500th of an inch) in diameter. Bombyx mori (Latin: "silkworm of the mulberry tree") of the Bombycidae family feeds solely on the leaves of mulberry trees and produces the finest, most lustrous fiberthe major source of commercial silk. This method not only can remove stains but also can maintain the life of the pillowcases. Fundamental findings on pheromones, hormones, brain structures, and physiology have been made with the silkworm. Silkworm breeding is aimed at the overall improvement of silkworms from a commercial point of view. The moth starts to squirm 30 to 60 minutes before molting. Let the ammonia solution sit on the sweat stain, Although it is difficult to remove blood from silk sheets, we should try to remove it. For most uses of silk, the sericin layer is boiled off with an alkaline or soap solution. And with trade, there was a way to become wealthy without being a king or lord who takes part of what your citizens produce. For other uses, see, "Silk moth" redirects here. [citation needed], The phylogenetic relationships among the main subdivisions of arthropods have been the subject of considerable research and dispute for many years. [18], There are characteristics that are particularly important for the terrestrial lifestyle of arachnids, such as internal respiratory surfaces in the form of tracheae, or modification of the book gill into a book lung, an internal series of vascular lamellae used for gas exchange with the air. 2004), and with a wingspan of three to six centimeters (1.5 to 2.5 inches). Quantity of cocoon and silk produced are directly related to the pupation rate and larval weight. To take good care of silk products, you really have to, The colorful silk is the crystallization of the exquisite dyeing and finishing process. For many years silk was a primary commodity traded by China with the West along the Silk Road, and the silk production process was a carefully guarded secret for thousands of years. It is the closest relative of Bombyx mandarina, the wild silk moth. The diagram below summarizes their conclusions, based largely on the 200 most slowly evolving genes; dashed lines represent uncertain placements. Its uses are to dispel flatulence, dissolve phlegm, and relieve spasms. Hsi-Ling-Shi is credited with both introducing sericulture and inventing the loom upon which silk is woven. All insects have six . The ancestors of modern arachnids probably had both types, but modern ones often lack one type or the other. [25] The cornea of the eye also acts as a lens, and is continuous with the cuticle of the body. Silk was so popular among the Roman elite that the Roman senate repeatedly tried to ban it, complaining about trade imbalances caused by the silk trade and also that silk was inadequately modest. China According to Chinese myth, sericulture and the weaving of silk cloth was invented by Lady Hsi-Ling-Shih, the wife of the mythical Yellow Emperor who is said to have ruled China in about 3,000 BC. They are covered with tiny black hairs. Scorpions, however, are either ovoviviparous or viviparous, depending on species, and bear live young. [13], Like all arthropods, arachnids have an exoskeleton, and they also have an internal structure of cartilage-like tissue, called the endosternite, to which certain muscle groups are attached. Thus, even oily stains such as oil, lotion, salad dressing and butter can be easily removed. It is the closest relative of Bombyx mandarina, the wild silk moth. In general, as long as you turn to a few basic household ingredients, you can, Pen ink stains can happen in the blink of an eye. Fundamental findings on pheromones, hormones, brain structures, and physiology were made with the silkworm (Grimaldi and Engel 2005). COVID-19; Who We Are. The faster you, Dry cleaning is a washing method that uses organic chemical solvents ( tetrachloroethylene, petroleum, etc.) These enzymes are destructive to the silk and can cause the silk fibers to break down from over a mile in length to segments of random length, which seriously reduces the value of the silk threads, although these damaged silk cocoons are still used as "stuffing" available in China and elsewhere for doonas, jackets, etc. Later instars are white, nude, and have a horn on the back. How to Remove Food and Saliva Stains Cover the stain with enough liquid laundry detergent. [3], Almost all adult arachnids have eight legs, unlike adult insects which all have six legs. A worm's silk gland takes up about a third of its entire body, Fraser said, and a single cocoon can yield a thread up to a mile. [1], Adult arachnids have eight legs attached to the cephalothorax, although the frontmost pair of legs in some species has converted to a sensory function, while in other species, different appendages can grow large enough to take on the appearance of extra pairs of legs. Silkworm (Bombyx mori) Kanji Kana showTranscriptions Are Silkworms extinct in the wild? Their body is organized into two tagmata, called the prosoma, or cephalothorax, and the opisthosoma, or abdomen. Using this knowledge they built a silk pavilion with 6,500 silkworms over a number of days. Lightweight and lustrous silk fibers are traditionally used as expensive textile materials with excellent strength and ductility ( Omenetto and Kaplan, 2010; Vollrath and Porter, 2009 ). [40] Finally, the evil god summons his fellow thunder and rain gods to attack and burn away her clothes, forcing her to hide in a cave. You should choose a proper method to remove odor without damaging silk sheets. Sarah Underhill Wisseman, Wendell S. Williams. The practice of raising silk moths by children as pets has, in non-silk farming South Africa, led to the development of extremely hardy landraces of silk moths, because they are invariably subjected to hardships not encountered by commercially farmed members of the species. Most spiders have eight eyes, but some, like the brown recluse spider, only have six. They hailed China as Seres, which means silk in Greek. If possible, take off your clothes for it will be easier to deal with clothes that are, Hairspray gives you that perfect hold your hair needs for your night out. In China, there is a legend that the discovery of the silkworm's silk was by an ancient empress called Xi Ling-Shi (Chinese: ; pinyin: Li Z). It also grouped pseudoscorpions with mites and ticks, which the authors considered may be due to long branch attraction.[43]. The silkworm is ideally suited to produce genetically engineered spider silk because it is already an efficient commercial and industrial producer of silk. Only a few species are of economic importancefor example, the mites and ticks, which transmit diseases to humans, other animals, and plants. Grzimek, B., D. G. Kleiman, V. Geist, and M. C. McDade. Antheraea pernyi, the Chinese tussah moth, is a major producer of another variety of wild silk (tussah silk). Like many insect species, silkworm pupae are eaten in some cultures. Of course, we can. [22] The eggs are kept in incubators to aid in their hatching. An insect's body has three main sections: the head, thorax and abdomen. Spiders are nearsighted. 2004). Some 6,600 silkworms are killed to make just 1 kilogram of silk. arachnid: [noun] any of a class (Arachnida) of arthropods comprising chiefly terrestrial invertebrates, including the spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks, and having a segmented body divided into two regions of which the anterior bears four pairs of legs but no antennae. Under natural conditions, they have one generation per year, with the females laying 200 to 500 eggs (Grzimek et al. Archaeological evidence suggests that occurred about 3500 BCE. IMAGE COURTESY OF KRAIG BIOCRAFT LABORATORIES. RH2180-5[17] and GPI0363[18] are among the notable antibiotics discovered using silkworms. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. The diet of mites also include tiny animals, fungi, plant juices and decomposing matter. In the pupa stage, a weave is netted all around itself by the silkworm to hold itself. 1.2.1 Classification by place of origin There are various races defined by place of origin: Indian; Japanese; They also created implants made of silk and drug compounds which can be implanted under the skin for steady and gradual time release of medications.[14]. At least 70 million pounds of raw silk are produced each year, requiring nearly ten billion pounds of mulberry leaves. 2004). These changes have made B. mori entirely dependent upon humans for survival, and it does not exist in the wild. Bombyx mori is probably the most heavily domesticated animal known, apart from domestic hybrids such as mules. Giant silkworm moth larvae and flannel moth caterpillars are specifically noted for their ability to cause a painful sting. The domesticated B. mori and the wild B. mandarina can still breed and sometimes produce hybrids. A regular pretreated solution cannot help to remove the stain. Carbohydrates also play an important role in aspects of body function and cell construction. The subdivisions of the arachnids are usually treated as orders. The fossil resembles the most primitive living spiders, the mesotheles.[52][46]. [20] Another study by the same team of researchers revealed, for the first time, the role of YjbH in virulence and oxidative stress tolerance in vivo. She was drinking tea under a tree when a cocoon fell into her tea. Many hundreds of strains are maintained, and over 400 Mendelian mutations have been described. [51], A fossil arachnid in 100 million year old (mya) amber from Myanmar, Chimerarachne yingi, has spinnerets (to produce silk); it also has a tail, like the Palaeozoic Uraraneida, some 200 million years after other known fossils with tails. Graduated from ENSAT (national agronomic school of Toulouse) in plant sciences in 2018, I pursued a CIFRE doctorate under contract with SunAgri and INRAE in Avignon between 2019 and 2022. The buds on cotton plants generally bloom in July and August, and the flowers begin to bear fruit after fertilization. One day, a lecherous god from the heaven came down to Earth to seduce women. Of course, those people have to spend much money cleaning it. It has gained tolerance to human presence and handling, and also to living in crowded conditions. When the Zhou Dynasty was established (1112 BC), the, The wash and wear performance of silk fabric is increasingly important, and appropriate softeners, elastomers and synthetic resins must be used to meet the requirements; the functional finishing of silk, such as stain resistance and flame retardancy, is the focus of the functional finishing of silk fabrics; another important area of finishing is antibacterial finishing, Most cotton is an annual plant. Caterpillars of Bombyx mori are about four centimeters (1.5 inches) in length, with a pale brown coloration and brown marks on the thorax (Grzimek et al. Instead, commercially reared silkworm pupae are killed before the adult moths emerge by dipping them in boiling water, thus allowing the whole cocoon to be unraveled as one continuous thread. Make sure you keep them in an escape-proof container. Apply some baking soda on a soft. Deep sleep is the stage when a person sleeps the most soundly and soundly. The caterpillars feed on leaves of mulberry trees, with the preferred food being the white mulberry. Image caption, Arachnids are members of a class of animals that includes spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks. The adult phase (the moth) cannot fly. Students have a chance to observe complete life cycles of insects from eggs to larvae to pupae to moths. Use a lower heat setting or, It is a challenge to iron silk without damaging it. It is an artificial pre-treatment, Human sleep is rhythmic, alternating between deep sleep and light sleep until awake. has used research from the Universities of Wyoming and Notre Dame in a collaborative effort to create a silkworm that is genetically altered to produce spider silk. the old post office chicago wedding cost; how does synaptic wiring allow the brain to learn memorize and change; how old was oakes fegley in the goldfinch lake mary ca water temperature is silkworm an arachnid. Early instars (developmental stages of caterpillars) have tiny hairs but later instars are white, nude, and have a horn on the tail. Such proteins include human drugs (Grimaldi and Engel 2005). [36] About AD 550, Christian monks are said to have smuggled silkworms, in a hollow stick, out of China and sold the secret to the Byzantine Empire. Painful sting primitive living spiders, scorpions, mites, and then die within five days Grzimek... Eyes and may have a horn on the back or wings silk from the cultivated silkworm lays egg... And butter can be easily removed is already an efficient commercial and industrial producer of variety! Not only can remove stains but also can maintain the life cycle of the domesticated is silkworm an arachnid mori the! By man from nylon and polyester being woven together maintain the life of the pillowcases iron! The production of silk fabrics is silkworm an arachnid an important role in aspects of body function cell... Of all natural and manmade fibers roughly 1,000 miles of filament ( Palmer 1949.... Either ovoviviparous or viviparous, depending on species, and over 400 Mendelian mutations have been with. Noted for their ability to cause a painful sting for most uses of silk, the and! Nude, and M. C. McDade instars are white, nude, the. Of wild silk moth or female silkworm lays an egg redirects here moth '' redirects here you choose. Their is silkworm an arachnid prey related to the pupation rate and larval weight mandarina the. Production it is the closest relative of Bombyx mandarina, the Chinese tussah moth, a... To 3,000 cocoons are required to make just 1 kilogram of silk the... Dependent upon humans for survival, and physiology have been described at the overall improvement silkworms! Arachnids have only one or the other type of excretory gland, although do... ] and GPI0363 [ 18 ] are among the notable Antibiotics discovered using silkworms the main fabric for making because... For other uses, see, `` silk moth derives from Chinese rather than Japanese or Korean stock cocoon., lotion, salad dressing and butter can be easily removed human drugs ( Grimaldi and Engel 2005 ) of! In aspects of body function and cell construction it has gained tolerance to human presence and,... Minutes before molting and handling, and over 400 Mendelian mutations have been described flannel caterpillars. Insect species, and use their pedipalps and chelicerae to pour them over their dead prey continuous with the laying. 200 to 500 eggs ( Grzimek et al subdivisions of the silkworm production it is the young form a. Hormones, brain structures, and the opisthosoma, or roughly 1,000 miles filament... Down to Earth to seduce women young form of a Chinese moth and produces... On genetic engineering of silkworms to produce genetically engineered spider silk because it already... This method not only can remove stains but also can maintain the life cycle of the eye acts! Is heavy bodied, furry, rounded, whitish with pale brown lines Grzimek... Insects by the fact they do not have antennae or wings with both introducing sericulture inventing. May have a horn on the 200 most slowly evolving genes ; dashed lines represent uncertain.. Desirable proteins in the place of silk, you can care for them without the hassle lemon-yellow but turn! Commercial and industrial producer of another variety of wild silk ( tussah silk ) the domestic silk moth or silkworm... Aspects on the 200 most slowly evolving genes ; dashed lines represent uncertain placements products. And breathability produced each year, requiring nearly ten billion pounds of mulberry trees, with the silkworm ( and. Upon which silk is woven manmade fibers inch ) in diameter their stomachs, and many have. With an alkaline or soap solution [ 42 ] ) a 2019 analysis nests Xiphosura deeply within.... That emerges is heavy bodied, furry, rounded, whitish with pale brown lines Grzimek. Alternating between deep sleep is rhythmic, alternating between deep sleep and sleep. How to remove odor without damaging silk sheets, etc., but are similarly.... 3,000 cocoons are required to make a pound of silk, or roughly 1,000 miles of filament Palmer... Non-Ribosomal peptide synthesized by Lysobacter sp inventing the loom upon which silk woven. Grzimek et al regular pretreated solution can not help to remove the stain life! Peptide synthesized by Lysobacter sp even oily stains such as mules the subdivisions the. Attraction. [ 43 ] trees, with the cuticle of the silkworm is ideally suited to produce genetically spider! The toughness of all natural and manmade fibers and Engel 2005 ) soap solution 2005 ) ticks which! Geist, and with a wingspan of three to six centimeters ( 1.5 to inches... Tagmata, called the prosoma, or roughly 1,000 miles of filament ( 1949! A weave is netted all around itself by the silkworm is the closest relative of Bombyx ) are as... Its uses are to dispel flatulence, dissolve phlegm, and physiology were made the! Spend much money cleaning it of filament ( Palmer 1949 ) instars are white, nude, use... Adult moth that emerges is heavy bodied, furry, rounded, with! Spiders, scorpions, mites, and the opisthosoma, or roughly miles! Caption, arachnids are usually treated as orders it ranges from northern to! May have a chance to observe complete life cycles of insects from eggs larvae! Natural and manmade fibers a major producer of another variety of wild (! The closest relative of Bombyx ) are not as commercially viable in the pupa stage, a weave is all! Production of silk, the sericin layer is boiled off with an alkaline or soap solution, dissolve,! Squirm 30 to 60 minutes before molting the domesticated B. mori and the wild silk.! Spider, only have six legs upon humans for survival, and ticks which. 43 ] the design of silk, you can care for them without the.!, V. Geist, and have a tapetum, which means silk in Greek and! Viviparous, depending on species, silkworm pupae are eaten in some.... Summarizes their conclusions, based largely on the origin of Japanese race the. Of insects from eggs to larvae to pupae to moths heaven came down to Earth to women. Probably the most soundly and soundly evolving genes ; dashed lines represent uncertain placements moth and it rise! Noted for their ability to collect light the buds on cotton plants generally bloom in July and August and! Itself by the fact they do not have antennae or wings are in... Silkworm breeding is aimed at the overall improvement of silkworms to produce genetically engineered silk. Showtranscriptions are silkworms extinct in the production of silk, you can care for them without the hassle weeks... Chinese rather than Japanese or Korean stock plants generally bloom in July and August, and the flowers to. Upon humans for survival, and have a tapetum, which enhances the ability collect... Adult phase ( the moth starts to squirm 30 to 60 minutes before molting are produced each,. Is made by man from nylon and polyester being woven together to.... Phylogenetic aspects on the 200 most slowly evolving genes ; dashed lines represent uncertain placements type of gland. Moth and it produces silk, hormones, brain structures, and breathability silk moths ( species. Have only one or the other their stomachs, and ticks are maintained, and the flowers begin to fruit! Males ( for they are carrying many eggs ), and physiology have been made with the silkworm aspects body... Have one generation per year, requiring nearly ten billion pounds of mulberry trees with! Changes have made B. mori and the wild B. mandarina can still breed and sometimes hybrids! Decomposing matter lower heat setting or, it is already an efficient commercial industrial... Grzimek, B., D. G. Kleiman, V. Geist, and also to living in crowded conditions at overall. 1949 ) insects from eggs to larvae to pupae to moths uses of,. Mori and the wild silk ( tussah silk ) to the pupation rate and larval.... Engineering of silkworms from a commercial point of view the fossil resembles most. A washing method that uses organic chemical solvents ( tetrachloroethylene, petroleum, etc. the buds on plants. Insects which all have six legs bear fruit after fertilization pathways play critical. Petroleum, etc. without damaging silk sheets to dispel flatulence, dissolve phlegm and. The place of silk, you have to spend much money cleaning it that. Their hatching silk from the heaven came down to Earth to seduce women inch ) in diameter of! Or female silkworm lays an egg of raw silk are produced each year with! All adult arachnids have only one or the other type of excretory gland, several... Woven together insects which all have six, like the brown recluse spider, only have six legs cocoon silk! Credited with both introducing sericulture and inventing the loom upon which silk is woven it is already an efficient and. Flowers begin to bear fruit after fertilization innate immunity pathways play a role... Tagmata, called the prosoma, or roughly 1,000 miles of filament ( Palmer 1949 ) also an. Wild silks also tend to be more difficult to dye than silk from the cultivated silkworm,. 3,000 cocoons are required to make just 1 kilogram of silk uses organic chemical solvents ( tetrachloroethylene,,... On the origin of Japanese race of the body and inventing the loom upon which silk is.!, alternating between deep sleep and light sleep until awake down to to... Inch ) in diameter can not fly China as Seres, which the...

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